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Nicole Hahn Rafter (English pronunciation: ni-kohl h-ah-n raf-ter) is a feminist criminology professor at Northeastern University.〔Nicole Rafter. (n.d.). College of Criminal Justice. Retrieved April 10, 2010, from http://www.cj.neu.edu/faculty_and_staff/research_faculty/nicole_rafter/〕 She received her Bachelor of Arts from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania.〔Gustafson, J. (n.d.). Nicole Hahn Rafter-nicolerafter.com. Nicole Hahn Rafter-nicolerafter.com Retrieved April 3, 2010, from http://www.nicolerafter.com〕 She then went to achieve her Masters in Teachers from Harvard University, and finally got her Ph.D. in Criminal Justice from State University of New York in Albany.〔 She began her career as a high school and college English professor and switched to criminal justice in her mid-thirties. In 1977 Rafter began teaching at Northeastern University’s College of Criminal Justice in Boston, Massachusetts.〔 Here she developed one of the country’s first courses on women and crime as well as a course on crime films.〔 In 1999 she resigned her position as a full-time professor to focus on her writing projects. She continued affiliation with Northeastern University as an adjunct professor and overseeing dissertation students but not teaching regular courses.〔 In 2002 she resumed teaching at the College of Criminal Justice with a graduate course in Biological Theories of Crime.〔 During the 1980s is when the first wave of her writings began to be published. Rafter, having written ''Gender, Prisons, and Prison History'' in 1985, was interested in re-writing the scarce literature that was present at the time on the female prison system. Here she argues that there have always been differences between the prison systems for the sexes and littler academia has focused on women since studies were done on male institutions by male writers. Here she dives into the history of prisons for women, accounting for their differences for that of men as well as commenting on the effects that gender has on an institution and vice versa.〔 Towards the end of the 1980s, Rafter published ''White Trash: the Eugenic Family Studies 1877-1919'' in which she writes on the eugenic movement in England and the way in which the poor were reshaped as being inferior through heredity.〔 Rafter diverts from her original theme of prisons for women and studies the gender-neutral account of eugenics and the biological scapegoats created there within. At the beginning of the 1990s Rafter accounted for gender in the eugenic movement in the United States showing how women were negatively affected with biological notions of being carriers of disease through reproduction.〔 ==Intellectual history== Achieving her PhD in Criminal Justice from State University of New York, Albany sparked her academia career in feminist criminology. Nicole Rafter began writing on delinquent individuals from the time of her very first publication in 1969. During the 1980s is when the first wave of her writings began to be published. Rafter, having written "Gender, Prisons, and Prison History" in 1985, was interested in re-writing the scarce literature that was present at the time on the female prison system. Here she argues that there have always been differences between the prison systems for the sexes and littler academia has focused on women since studies were done on male institutions by male writers.〔Rafter, Nicole H. (1985b). "Gender, Prisons, and Prison History". ''Social Science History''; 9: 233 -247〕 Here she dives into the history of prisons for women accounting for their differences for that of men as well as commenting on the effects that gender has on an institution and vice versa. Towards the end of the 1980s Rafter published ''White Trash: the Eugenic Family Studies 1877-1919'' in which she writes on the eugenic movement in England and the way in which the poor were reshaped as being inferior through heredity.〔Rafter, Nicole H. (1988b). ''White Trash: the Eugenic Family Studies, 1877-1919''. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press〕 Rafter diverts from her original theme of prisons for women and studies the gender-neutral account of eugenics and the biological scapegoats created there within. At the beginning of the 1990s Rafter accounted for gender in the eugenic movement in the United States showing how women were negatively affected with biological notions of being carriers of disease through reproduction.〔Rafter, Nicole H. (1992a). "Claims-making and Socio-cultural Context in the First U.S. Eugenics campaign". ''Social Problems''; 39:17-34〕 Here we see her interest in feminism related to aspects of criminology flourish with narrowing the themes in her writings to argue for feminist cause. All of her publications and research led her to create a course at Northeastern University entitled Gender, Representation, and Social Control in 1997. Here she is able to teach criminology students of her thorough knowledge of the workings of specific prison institutions and the reciprocal influence shared between them and gender. With this course Nicole Rafter also begins a theme in her writings and research on crime films and their representation in mass media and culture, which has remained a constant climaxing with her publication of ''Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society'' in 2006. A second major theme in Rafter’s intellectual history is her writings on biological theories of crime. She writes on the historical importance of Earnest Hooton’s theories on biological explanations of crime in her ''Earnest A. Hooton and the Biological Tradition in American Criminology'' and claims that he helped build a history for criminology. The most recent ten years of Nicole Rafter’s publications have seen two trends, which are biological theories of crime with and introduction being published for Cesare Lombroso’s ''Criminal Women'' in 2004 and her research and writings on crime films and their influence in popular culture.〔 In the first decade of the 21st century Rafter published three works relating to crime films and criminology including ''Badfellas: Movie Psychos, Popular Culture, and Law'', ''Shots in the Mirror: Crime Films and Society'', and ''Crime, Film, and Criminology: Recent Sex Crime Movies''.〔 She finished off the decade in 2008 by having her most recent book published which is ''The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime''. She has also kept her interest in eugenics while attending to her feminist nature through writing ''Gender, Genes and Crimes: an Evolving Feminist Agenda'' in 2006. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nicole Hahn Rafter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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